Social proof (sometimes referred to as informational social influence) is a psychological concept. It refers to the tendency of human beings to follow the actions of others when making decisions and placing weight on those actions to assume “the correct decision”. It’s a concept that can be used in product design for the Internet and mobile web to help drive user decisions in the direction that a business wants them to go.
Human beings are social creatures. We live in communities, towns and cities. We raise families and have friends. It’s what defines us. It also makes us vulnerable to the influence of other people. Social influence, which is what we refer to when we talk about the impact of other people’s actions on our own, can be very positive (it’s what, for example, makes us less likely to get drunk and start fights in public) but it can also be negative (when it leads to “herd behaviour” or “following the crowd”).
The History of Social Proof
Social proof is not a recent phenomenon. It was identified in 1935 by Muzafer Sherif, a social psychologist credited with developing social judgement theory, in an experiment.
Subjects were seated in a dark room and asked to stare at a pinprick of light a few feet away from them. They were asked to estimate how much the dot was moving. In reality, the light was stationary but the autokinetic effect (an observation that stationary objects appear to move when there is no second point of reference to compare them to) led people to believe it was moving.
A week or so later, the experiment was repeated but this time in groups. People were asked to shout out their estimates of the movement and Muzafer Sherif observed that the group would tend to converge on an estimate – even if these estimates were vastly different to those that they had given in the first part of the experiment. The experiment was then repeated again with the individuals on their own and their estimates tended to remain with the group output rather than with their own original estimate.
In short, social proof demonstrated that we are likely to converge on a course of action when others provide that action for us.
The Introduction of Social Proof in the User Experience
The understanding that people are influenced by other people’s actions has led to the incorporation of social proof in the user experience of many websites and applications and in the real world too.
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Author/Copyright holder: Mattes. Copyright terms and licence: Public Domain
Perhaps, the most famous examples are the star ratings on Amazon and eBay and the reviews of products and sellers on these sites. Highly rated and highly recommended products (and sellers) are more likely to be successful than those with poor or no-ratings.
Social proof is used for two reasons in user experience design:
To deliver credibility. If other people find a source useful or credible – we are more likely to believe that source may be useful or credible for ourselves. An indication of this belief in other people that is displayed within the site or product – boosts credibility for other users.
To promote adoption and/or acceptance. Volumes of people subscribing to a Facebook page or Twitter feed can encourage others to do the same. Large amounts of people doing something is a psychological indicator to people that they should do the same thing.
Implementing Social Proof in Your User Experience
If you intend to implement social-proof in your user experience you can test the efficiency of it using the following:
A/B Testing
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Author/Copyright holder: RaHul Rodriguez. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 2.0
A/B testing can help you determine whether social proof is aiding conversions. You can test user comments, reviews, social sharing, etc. and see which, if any, are the most beneficial.
Usability Testing
If you’re using social proof to try and increase your credibility – you want to conduct some survey questions that enable you to gauge user confidence.
You can also use usability testing to ensure that the volumes of social proof that you’re providing aren’t overwhelming users. Too much information can be worse than none at all. Users are happy to be convinced by social proof but there’s only so much data that they can process easily.
Eyetracking and Usability Testing
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Author/Copyright holder: Z22. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY 3.0
You might also want to determine whether users even notice your social proof. After all, position is important and it’s quite possible that your users won’t benefit from social proof if they don’t even notice it’s taking place. Eyetracking software as part of usability testing can help you decide whether users are noticing social proof and whether they’re paying any real amount of attention to it if they do notice it.
Load Time Testing
Social proof, particularly when it comes from social media or other plugins, can slow down the performance of your website or application. You want to keep measuring load times because poor load times can cause abandonment even before the user has had a chance to interact with your content.
Social Proof and the Mobile Web
Social proof is harder to integrate into the mobile user experience. Average user ratings are popular in app stores, for example, to indicate the value of a particular app and some brief summary reviews are also displayed. However, it’s vital to keep an eye on the available screen real estate and be certain that you’re not overwhelming users when it comes to delivering social proof on mobile. Usability testing is a must.
The Takeaway
Social proof can be a powerful tool to help you guide users to make specific decisions online and in mobile apps. However, you have to take care with how it is implemented and test the way it is implemented to get the greatest benefit. The tips above should help you examine the way you integrate social proof in your products.
References
The original study by Sherif: "A study of some social factors in perception". Archives of Psychology 27: 187
See awesome examples of social proof at work in design.
Hero Image: Author/Copyright holder: Jurgen Appelo. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY 2.0
